In modern system design, applications are no longer confined to a single server.Microservices, distributed databases, cloud APIs, and millions of connected clients all rely on efficient and reliable communication. At the heart of this communication lies the TCP/IP Protocol Stack — a layered model that defines how data moves from one system to another across … Read more
When we talk about great systems whether it’s Netflix streaming billions of hours of video, or Stripe processing millions of payments — one common thread ties them all together: reliability. A reliable system doesn’t just work — it keeps working, consistently, predictably, and gracefully, even when parts of it fail. In today’s world of distributed … Read more
Introduction – Why Availability Matters Imagine your favourite shopping site goes down during a big sale or a multiplayer game server crashes mid-match. Those outages cost money, trust, and time. Availability is the engineering discipline that reduces those risks. In this article you’ll learn: What availability is and how to measure it. How small changes … Read more
Scaling in System Design: Scaling refers to a system’s ability to handle increased load (more requests, more users, more data) by adjusting its resources. The goal is to ensure that the system continues to perform well as demand grows. There are two main types: Vertical Scaling (Scaling Up) Horizontal Scaling (Scaling Out) 1. Vertical Scaling … Read more