From a user clicking “Buy” to funds settling in a merchant’s account — a deep dive into every layer of a production-grade payment gateway, explained for beginners and senior engineers alike. 📖 18 min read | 🎓 Beginner to Advanced | 🏗 System Design & Architecture Table of Contents What is a Payment Gateway? Why … Read more
System Design Series How to Design a URL Shortener Like TinyURL:Complete System Design Guide 25 min readIntermediate – AdvancedUpdated 2025 Learn how to design a scalable URL shortener like TinyURL or Bitly — covering distributed architecture, Redis caching, Snowflake ID generation, Kafka analytics pipelines, database sharding, and real-world engineering trade-offs. System Design Distributed Systems Backend … Read more
Networking Fundamentals · System Design Series Demystifying What Is an IP Address:Your Essential Guide for System Design Interviews 10 min readBeginner – IntermediateUpdated 2025 An IP address (Internet Protocol Address) is a unique numerical identifier assigned to every device connected to a network. It allows devices to send and receive data across the internet using … Read more
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework that defines how two systems communicate through a layered architecture, where each layer has a distinct role and interacts only with its immediate neighbors. It breaks complex network communication into seven manageable layers, making it easier for engineers to design, debug, and scale systems. Why … Read more
In modern system design, applications are no longer confined to a single server.Microservices, distributed databases, cloud APIs, and millions of connected clients all rely on efficient and reliable communication. At the heart of this communication lies the TCP/IP Protocol Stack — a layered model that defines how data moves from one system to another across … Read more
When we talk about great systems whether it’s Netflix streaming billions of hours of video, or Stripe processing millions of payments — one common thread ties them all together: reliability. A reliable system doesn’t just work — it keeps working, consistently, predictably, and gracefully, even when parts of it fail. In today’s world of distributed … Read more
Introduction – Why Availability Matters Imagine your favourite shopping site goes down during a big sale or a multiplayer game server crashes mid-match. Those outages cost money, trust, and time. Availability is the engineering discipline that reduces those risks. In this article you’ll learn: What availability is and how to measure it. How small changes … Read more
Scaling in System Design: Scaling refers to a system’s ability to handle increased load (more requests, more users, more data) by adjusting its resources. The goal is to ensure that the system continues to perform well as demand grows. There are two main types: Vertical Scaling (Scaling Up) Horizontal Scaling (Scaling Out) 1. Vertical Scaling … Read more
Spring AI Multimodality: As AI technologies advance, the ability to process and generate different types of data such as text, images, and audio has become increasingly crucial. This capability, known as multimodality, allows AI models to understand and produce content across multiple formats, enhancing their versatility and application. In this article, we’ll explore what multimodality … Read more
As AI-driven applications evolve, the need to generate and manage structured data becomes increasingly important. Structured outputs in spring ai allow AI models to deliver results in an organized, predictable format, making it easier to process and integrate the output into other systems. In Spring AI, this is achieved through the use of a Structured … Read more